Targeted Nanoparticle-Based Therapy Using Betaine-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for Reducing Inflammation and Modulating Immune Response in Heatstroke-Induced Mice

Background & Objectives: The present study investigates the therapeutic potential of betaine-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in treating inflammation induced by heatstroke. While heatstroke is characterized by elevated body temperature and severe inflammation, which can lead to organ dysfunction, conventional treatments, such as cooling and supportive care have not been successful in preventing long-term damage. AuNPs function as targeted carriers for the delivery of bioactive agents, such as betaine, to inflamed tissues. Using a murine model of heatstroke, we assessed the effects of AuNPs, betaine, and their combination on inflammation markers and cellular stress. Materials & Methods: The experimental animals were divided into groups receiving different treatments, and various outcomes, including cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, IL- 10), heat shock protein (HSP70) expression, and splenocyte proliferation, were measured. Results: The findings revealed that the combination of AuNPs and betaine significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) while increasing those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, the therapy reduced HSP70 expression, indicating lowered cellular stress in the AuNP-betaine group. Moreover, treatment with AuNP-betaine significantly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, suggesting improved immune function under heatstroke conditions. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the promise of betaine-conjugated AuNPs as an innovative therapeutic approach in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress associated with heatstroke. The synergistic effects of nanotechnology and bioactive substances in modulating inflammatory pathways can be a promising strategy for managing heat-related inflammatory conditions.