The role of 4D flow MRI in deep vein thrombosis research

Four-dimensional (4D) flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology has emerged as a valuable tool in angiography, offering unique insights into the hemodynamics and flow patterns. This research aims to explore the role of 4D flow MRI in advancing our understanding of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), covering its applications in diagnosing, characterizing and mechanism of DVT, as well as its potential for guiding treatment strategies. The qualitative and quantitative information provided by 4D flow MRI enables a comprehensive assessment of blood flow in different vascular regions, shedding light on the relationship between hemodynamic changes and the onset and progression of vascular diseases. Nevertheless, most quantitative research findings for 4D hemodynamic indicators are lacking, and their use is mainly limited to examining arterial conditions. More exploration will be necessary to determine their applicability in studying venous vessels. • 4D flow MRI enables non-invasive 3D hemodynamic analysis in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) research. • Machine learning enhances 4D flow MRI resolution and accuracy for DVT studies. • Dynamic blood flow patterns from 4D MRI could link to thrombus formation and risks. • Technical complexity and high costs limit clinical use of 4D flow MRI.