Splash on a liquid pool: coupled cavity–sheet unsteady dynamics

Splashes from impacts of drops on liquid pools are ubiquitous and generate secondary droplets important for a range of applications in healthcare, agriculture and industry. The physics of splash continues to comprise central unresolved questions. Combining experiments and theory, here we study the sequence of topological changes from drop impact on a deep, inviscid liquid pool, with a focus on the regime of crown splash with developing air cavity below the interface and crown sheet above it. We develop coupled evolution equations for the cavity–crown system, leveraging asymptotic theory for the cavity and conservation laws for the crown. Using the key coupling of sheet and cavity, we derive similarity solutions for the sheet velocity and thickness profiles, and asymptotic prediction of the crown height evolution. Unlike the cavity whose expansion is opposed by gravitational effects, the axial crown rise is mostly opposed by surface tension effects. Moreover, both the maximum crown height and the time of its occurrence scale as ${\textit {We}}^{5/7}$ . We find our analytical results to be in good agreement with our experimental measurements. The cavity–crown coupling achieved enables us to obtain explicit estimates of the crown splash spatio-temporal unsteady dynamics, paving the way to deciphering ultimate splash fragmentation.