Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review)

Ocular cancer refers to a cancerous growth in any part of the eye. Ocular cancer primarily manifests as one of four types: Uveal melanoma, conjunctival melanoma, retinoblastoma, or ocular surface squamous neoplasia. It can arise in three key areas of the eye: The orbit, the adnexal structure and the eyeball. In cancer, oncogenes are activated from proto‑oncogenes. An oncogene is a malfunctioning gene in a cell caused by mutation or gene fusion (a proto‑oncogene) or overexpression. There are certain specific oncogenes implicated in ocular cancer, such as the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene, guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha 11 (GNA11), G protein subunit alpha Q (GNAQ) and tumor protein 53. Of note, >90% of instances of uveal melanoma are caused by activating mutations in GNA11 and GNAQ. Oncogene activation occurs through several mechanisms involving genetic, epigenetic and environmental variables. Biomarkers trigger the activation of this type of oncogene. A biomarker is a quantifiable trait or indicator that can be used to test or measure biological functioning, disease states, or therapeutic responses. Certain target therapies (such as radiation therapy, gene therapy, surgery, combination therapy, and immunotherapy) are used in cancer treatment.  The present review aimed to provide a more thorough understanding of the involvement of oncogenes in ocular melanoma. It is hoped that this may aid in the treatment of several forms of ocular cancer. Understanding the mutated gene may assist in the discovery of a cure or treatment for the cancer caused by that particular gene.