Research Progress on Electromagnetic Shielding Mechanisms and Textile-Based Protective Materials

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) poses significant challenges to modern electronic devices and human health, especially in the context of increasing usage of high-frequency technologies such as 5G. In recent years, textile-based materials have gained attention for their potential to provide lightweight, flexible, and cost-effective solutions for EMI shielding. This review explores the mechanisms of electromagnetic shielding, including reflection loss, dielectric loss, and magnetic loss. Based on these mechanisms, the preparation of composite electromagnetic shielding materials using metallic and non-metallic fibres, along with conductive coatings, metal plating, and composite fabric processes, is discussed in detail. Spe-cial attention is given to the application of nano-coatings such as nano-palladium and nano-silver, which have shown significant promise in enhancing the shielding effectiveness of textile materials, particularly in high-frequency environ-ments like 5G networks. Additionally, the review covers the use of conductive polymers, specifically pyrrole-based conductive polymers, which have demonstrated remarkable potential when incorporated into textile fibres for improved electromagnetic shielding. The ad-vantages and challenges of these advanced materials are analyzed from the perspectives of shielding effectiveness, com-fort, cost-efficiency, and product stability. Improvement measures are proposed to optimize the performance of these ma-terials for industrial applications. In conclusion, future textile-based electromagnetic shielding materials should focus on multifunctionality and intelligent functionality to meet the growing demands for shielding effectiveness and wearability. This will ensure the widespread industrial production of textile-based shielding materials, capable of addressing the needs of emerging technologies such as 5G communication and wearable electronics.