Optimizing Melamine Sponges Modified With Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Environmental and Industrial Applications

ABSTRACT This study explored the development and characterizations of a lightweight, cost‐effective, and easily accessible titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/melamine sponge with outstanding hydrophobicity, oil absorption/separation, flame retardancy, durability, and electromagnetic wave absorption capacities. Commercial melamine sponges were modified using the silane coupling agent and TiO 2 nanoparticles via a solution‐immersion method. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the structural integrity and surface morphology with increased surface roughness and uniform distribution of TiO 2 particles. The hydrophobicity of the TiO 2 /sponge was confirmed by contact angle measurements, showing a high value of 145°. The oil absorption capacity and separation efficiency were also quantified, with the modified sponges able to absorb oils at 70 to 120 times their weight while maintaining a separation efficiency above 95% even after 10 reuse cycles. Additionally, the TiO 2 /sponge exhibited excellent flame resistance, strong mechanical abrasion resistance, and stability in saline environments. Electromagnetic absorption tests over the 2–18 GHz range showed efficient absorption, with reflection loss values below −10 dB at higher frequencies for thicker sponges. These results suggest that TiO 2 /sponge composites provide multifaceted enhancements, making them suitable for various environmental and industrial applications, including oil spill management and electromagnetic radiation mitigation.