Karren of Provence (France), Gréolières, Caussols, Tourrettes-sur-Loup and Luberon

The rock relief of karst forms, either of surface forms or of caves which are forming on different carbonate rocks and under different conditions, is one of the most telling traces of their formation, along with the characteristic factors and development. Therefore, we meticulously studied and examined the geological features and rock formations, as well as how they fit into the rocky relief. The diverse shaping of the karst surface is revealed by the rock relief of selected karren on different carbonate rocks, fine-grained homogeneous and compact limestones, as well as porous fine-grained sandstones. We have also newly explained the formation of parallel channels on the inclined surfaces of denuded rock (Gréolières); the gradual reshaping of the rock surface from a subsoil one to one directly exposed to rain and water creeping along the gently sloping rock (Caussols). Furthermore, the unique shaping of carbonate sandstones, specifically such with large channels (Tourrettes-sur-Loup) is presented for the first time. The speed of karstification of younger carbonate rocks is revealed by channels on the walls of the palace in Avignon.