Cost-effective GNSS as a tool for monitoring volcanic deformation: A case study on Saba in the Lesser Antilles

We present the design and positioning results of four cost-effective Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) units deployed on Saba, Caribbean Netherlands. Despite harsh environmental conditions and initial prototyping challenges the units function well. Each unit costs less than €1.000 and integrates solar charging capabilities, data logging and data transmission via the introduced 4G extension. The positioning performance of the cost-effective units is comparable to those of conventional permanent GNSS stations on the island, with standard deviations in the horizontal and vertical components within 2–4 mm and 6–9 mm, respectively. The cost-effective units can be used to expand existing GNSS monitoring networks or to build stand-alone networks in budget-constrained environments. Their rapid deployment solution makes them suitable for hazardous applications. Future improvements to the current Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design, implementing the presented changes, are anticipated. The schematics of the PCBs, material lists, and software are made available to the community. • We showcase the installation of four cost-effective GNSS units (< €1000 each) on Saba in the Lesser Antilles. • Each unit is equipped with all necessities for a stand-alone field installation. • PCB schematics, itemized resources and software are publicly available. • Daily positioning results are comparable to those from permanent conventional GNSS stations. • Monitoring in budget-tight areas, (rapid) set-ups in hazardous zones or densification of existing networks are applications.