Generation Expansion Planning for the Kalimantan Interconnected System Considering the Renewable Energy Mix and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Targets

The increasing annual demand for electricity requires an optimal generation expansion plan (GEP) while maintaining reliability levels, including renewable energy (RE) targets and carbon dioxide emission reductions to support global and national efforts against climate change. The optimization of GEP for the Kalimantan Interconnected System for the period 2026-2050 is carried out using OSeMOSYS software and the Linear Programming method. This optimization considers three scenarios: Business as Usual (BAU), RE Optimization, and Emission Optimization, which are analyzed in terms of installed capacity, renewable energy mix, carbon dioxide emissions, and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The Kalimantan Interconnected System in each scenario is dominated by coal and hydro power plants due to their economic advantages and abundant resources. The BAU scenario has the lowest LCOE of ¢8.20/kWh, but it does not support RE targets and results in high carbon dioxide emissions. The RE Optimization scenario meets the RE target with a LCOE of ¢8.49/kWh. Meanwhile, the Emission Optimization scenario meets both the RE target and emission reduction with the highest LCOE of ¢8.66/kWh, indicating that this scenario is the only one that can meet both targets, albeit with a high LCOE.