State-of-the-Art Optimization Approaches for Battery Energy Storage in Utility-Scale Floating PV Systems

This paper reviews the advancements and challenges in Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). Floating PV systems, or floatovoltaics, install solar panels on water bodies, addressing land scarcity and improving energy efficiency. Technological improvements like dual-glass PV modules and specialized anchoring systems have enhanced their performance and durability. Economically, these systems are cost-effective, eliminating land costs and integrating well with hydropower infrastructure. BESS technology has seen significant growth, with large-capacity installations worldwide, such as the 648 MWh sodium-sulfur batteries in Abu Dhabi and the 565 MWh lithium iron phosphate battery in Hawaii. These systems are vital for grid stability, providing services like frequency regulation and energy arbitrage. The review examines various types of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and flow batteries. Optimizing BESS size is crucial for cost-efficient power systems, balancing operational and investment costs. The paper emphasizes the need for advanced optimization techniques and thorough environmental and economic assessments to enhance the deployment of these technologies. The integration of these systems represents a significant step towards achieving sustainable and reliable energy solutions globally.