Complexity measure in natural time analysis identifying the accumulation of stresses before major earthquakes

Here, we suggest a procedure through which one can identify when the accumulation of stresses before major earthquakes (EQs) (of magnitude M 8.2 or larger) occurs. Analyzing the seismicity in natural time, which is a new concept of time, we study the evolution of the fluctuations of the entropy change of seismicity under time reversal for various scales of different length i (number of events). Although the stress might be accumulating throughout the entire process of EQ preparation due to tectonic loading, here we find that the proposed complexity measure reveals different stress accumulation characteristics from those in the long-term background when the system approaches the critical stage. Specifically, we find that anomalous intersections between scales of different i are observed upon approaching a major EQ occurrence. The investigation is presented for the seismicity in Japan since 1984 including the M9 Tohoku EQ on 11 March 2011, which is the largest EQ ever recorded there, as well as for the seismicity before 2017 Chiapas M8.2 EQ, which is Mexico's largest EQ in more than a century. Based on this new complexity measure, a preprint submitted on 5 December 2023 anticipated the 1 January 2024 M7.6 EQ in Japan.