Experimental study on harnessing torsion-induced buckling of frames for adaptive shading modules

• Innovative adaptive shading modules using torsion-induced buckling of frames. • Experimental rig tests reveal significant out-of-plane deflections in slender frames. • Critical buckling behaviours observed at twisting angles around 90°. • Findings offer new insights for adaptive solar shading and functional façade designs. This paper investigates the flexural-torsional buckling behaviour of slender three-member frames and the use of their out-of-plane displacements to develop innovative solar shading modules for efficient heat radiation control. Two conceptual designs are introduced, each capitalising on the frame's deformations to create adaptable shading systems, and experiments are described that demonstrate their physical behaviour. The first design focuses on effective shading modules with three distinct states (open, sloped, and closed), while the second design explores dynamic changes in the covered area within the frame's plane. The experimental study employs a specially designed rig to test four frame configurations under different support rotation conditions. The results reveal significant out-of-plane deflections, particularly when supports undergo opposite rotations, with notable buckling behaviours emerging around a critical twisting angle of 90°, as presented using experimentally obtained diagrams of torque, displacement and strain against applied support rotation. The paper contributes to the evolving field of utilising mechanical instability for functional design, specifically in the context of adaptive solar shading systems.