Sub-daily scale rainfall extremes in India and incongruity between hourly rain gauges data and CMIP6 models

Self-recording rain gauges hourly rainfall data from 1969 to 2010 have been utilized to identify rain events at a sub-daily scale. At the sub-daily scale, a significant decrease in the frequency of heavy rainfall events (HREs) is observed over central India and northeast India, while an increase is observed over the northern west coast of India. Frequency of short-duration HREs over central India and long duration HREs over northern west coast of India is increased in the recent decades than in earlier decades. Incongruity with the observations, CMIP6 historical and AMIP high temporal resolution models are not able to simulate the short-duration HREs and, in turn, the observed trends at a sub-daily scale over the India landmass. The inability of CMIP6 models to predict short-duration HREs suggests caution in predicting future projections of extreme precipitation at a sub-daily scale and highlights the need for further improvements in climate models.