Potential of nanoemulsion of spiramycin in alleviating histological and embryonic changes in Swiss albino mice infected with congenital toxoplasmosis

Congenital toxoplasmosis can lead to harm to tissues and necessitate suitable treatments for better outcomes in affected cases.The present research assesses the effectiveness of spiramycin nanoemulsion combined with oil in lessening liver alterations in Toxoplasma gondii infected Swiss albino mice offspring.The findings indicate encouraging progress in maintaining liver tissue health and minimizing damage. Pregnant mice were divided into four groups (n=8 each): a control receiving distilled water, a group infected with T. gondii (5×10⁵ tachyzoites via intraperitoneal injection on day 7 of pregnancy), a group treated with nanoemulsion from day 7 to day 18, and an infected group treated with nanoemulsion from day 7 to day 8. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the nanoemulsion's activity and stability. Garlic oil demonstrated the highest spiramycin solubility (31.47 mg/mL), making it a suitable carrier for the nanoemulsion formulation. Histopathological examination of fetal liver tissue revealed that untreated infected mice showed significant necrosis and vacuolar degeneration in liver cells. the group treated with spiramycin nanoemulsion exhibited marked improvement, with liver tissues appearing nearly normal and minimal inflammatory cell infiltration. The group treated with nanoemulsion without infection displayed liver histology comparable to the control group. This study concludes that spiramycin nanoemulsion, especially using garlic oil, effectively combats T. gondii and mitigates liver damage in fetal mice. The oral administration of the nanoemulsion offers a practical, non-invasive approach, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for managing congenital toxoplasmosis. These findings emphasize the potential of spiramycin nanoemulsion as a novel intervention for reducing the histopathological impact of T. gondii during pregnancy.