Integrative systems‐level analysis reveals a contextual crosstalk between hypoxia and global metabolism in human breast tumors

Hypoxia is known to induce reprogramming of glucose metabolism in cancer. However, the impact of hypoxia on global metabolism remains poorly understood. Here, using the systems approach, we evaluated the potential crosstalk between hypoxia and global metabolism using data from > 2000 breast tumors. Tumor samples were scored for hypoxia and 90 metabolic pathways, and these metrics were subjected to an analysis pipeline. Hypoxia showed a very strong association with metabolic aggression and an overall contextual relationship with metabolism. Out of three (M1, M2, and M3) metabolic types in breast cancer, M3 exhibited the strongest relationship with hypoxia; that is, high hypoxic tumors were also metabolically deregulated. Further, the overall correlation pattern between hypoxia and metabolic pathway scores was specific to each type, with M1 showing maximal sensitivity to hypoxia, followed by M2 and then M3. Experimental validation using metabolic inhibitors on cell lines with high or low hypoxia scores further confirmed the metabolic type-dependence of hypoxia. In addition, evaluation of the impact of hypoxia on cancer pathways other than metabolic ones revealed a potential role of hypoxia in immune evasive characteristic of M3 tumors. Overall, the results suggest a complex interplay between hypoxia and metabolism in the context of human breast tumors, with potential implications for both basic cancer biology and breast cancer therapy.