Bone-derived nanoparticles (BNPs) enhance osteogenic differentiation <i>via</i> Notch signaling

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based bone tissue regeneration has gained significant attention due to the excellent differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory activity of MSCs. Enhancing osteogenesis regulation is crucial for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-based regeneration. By utilizing the regenerative capacity of bone ECM and the functionality of nanoparticles, we recently engineered bone-based nanoparticles (BNPs) from decellularized porcine bones. The effects of internalization of BNPs on MSC viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were first investigated and compared at different time points. The phenotypic behaviors, including cell number, proliferation, and differentiation were characterized and compared. By incorporating a LNA/DNA nanobiosensor and MSC live cell imaging, we monitored and compared Notch ligand delta-like 4 (Dll4) expression dynamics in the cytoplasm and nucleus during osteogenic differentiation. Pharmacological interventions are used to inhibit Notch signaling to examine the mechanisms involved. The results suggest that Notch inhibition mediates the osteogenic process, with reduced expression of early and late stage differentiation markers (ALP and calcium mineralization). The internalization of BNPs led to an increase in Dll4 expression, exhibiting a time-dependent pattern that aligned with enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation. Our findings indicate that the observed changes in BNP-treated cells during osteogenic differentiation could be associated with elevated levels of Dll4 mRNA expression. In summary, this study provides new insights into MSC osteogenic differentiation and the molecular mechanisms through which BNPs stimulate this process. The results indicate that BNPs influence osteogenesis by modulating Notch ligand Dll4 expression, demonstrating a potential link between Notch signaling and the proteins present in BNPs.