Covariant approach to relativistic large-eddy simulations: Lagrangian filtering

We present a proof-of-principle implementation of the first fully covariant filtering scheme applied to relativistic fluid turbulence. The filtering is performed with respect to special observers, identified dynamically as moving with the ``bulk of the flow.'' This means that filtering does not depend on foliations of spacetime but rather on the intrinsic fibration traced out by the observers. The covariance of the approach means that the results may be lifted into an arbitrary, curved spacetime. This practical step follows theoretical work showing that the residuals introduced by filtering a fine-scale ideal fluid can be represented by a nonideal fluid prescription at the coarse scale. We interpret such nonideal terms using a simple first-order gradient model, which allows us to extract effective turbulent viscosities and conductivity. A statistical regression on these terms shows that the majority of their variation may be explained by the thermodynamic properties of the filtered fluid and invariants of its flow, such as the shear and vorticity. This serves as a validation of the method and enables us to fit a functional, power-law form for the nonideal coefficients---an approach that may be used practically to give a subgrid closure model in large-eddy simulations.