Quorum quenching effects of linoleic and stearic acids on outer membrane vesicle-mediated virulence in <i>Chromobacterium violaceum</i>

<i>Chromobacterium violaceum</i> is a pathogenic bacterium that can infect humans and animals, yet the role of its outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in mediating pathogenicity remains underexplored. This study evaluated the effects of linoleic acid (LA) and stearic acid (SA) on quorum sensing (QS)-mediated violacein production, biofilm formation, and OMV biogenesis in <i>C. violaceum</i>. Our findings revealed that 2 mM LA and 1 mM SA effectively quench QS, leading to a significant reduction in violacein production, biofilm formation, and OMV biogenesis. Gene expression analysis confirmed the downregulation of QS-related genes, including <i>cviI</i>, <i>cviR</i>, <i>vioA</i>, <i>vioB</i>, and <i>vioC</i>, in fatty acid-treated <i>C. violaceum</i>. Additionally, we assessed the antimicrobial activity of <i>C. violaceum</i>-derived OMVs on <i>Rhizobium sp.</i>, a PGPR and observed a marked reduction in bactericidal activity in the treated OMVs. This study suggests that LA and SA have potential as anti-infective agents to mitigate OMV-mediated virulence and combat antibiotic resistance in pathogens.