The advancement in the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in pNET

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) is a unique subgroup of pancreatic cancer, which requires distinct treatment methods from the normal ones. The most common treatment for PNET is surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Immunotherapy, especially ICIs, are hot topic in the oncology field in the recent years. However, researches found that the ICI therapies exhibit relatively lower significancy of patient outcomes for PNETs. Effects of long-term combination therapy still remains unanswered. This review analyzes the mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and potential adverse events associated with ICIs in PNET treatment. It was found that personalized treatment strategies, particularly when combining ICIs with other therapeutic modalities, could improve patient responses while minimizing adverse effects. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for future studies, highlighting the necessity of similarly exploration into the molecular determinants of response to ICIs in PNETs. While this work lays the groundwork for enhancing remedy techniques, questions concerning long-term results and finest patient selection stay unresolved. Future research should attention on those regions to boost the field of PNET management and improve patient care.