Progress in autoimmune disease and vaccine

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are caused by an overactive immune system, which frequently results in irreversible damage to organs and physiological systems. Despite the extensive research conducted on Autoimmune Diseases (ADs) over numerous years, the etiology and contributory factors remain only partially elucidated. Presently, the therapeutic drugs encompasses glucocorticoids (GCs), Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), and conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs). However, these agents exert a modicum of efficacy against the malady, and are prone to elicit severe adverse reactions as well as drug resistance. Therefore, the development of vaccines targeting the pathogenesis of ADs may bring great progress to the treatment of ADs. This article delineates the concepts underpinning vaccine development leveraging human immune tolerance, encompassing the induction of tolerance, the targeting of pathogenic T cells, and the engagement of regulatory pathways. Concurrently, the paper expounds upon certain vaccine technologies that have emerged in the study of specific autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.