Association between dietary intake of macro-nutrient and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide. From among, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the most common type, accounting for 90% of all diabetes cases, and the prevalence is the highest of middle-aged group, but has increased in young adults. Its pathophysiology is multifaceted, but mainly characterized by altered function of pancreatic -cells for insulin production and diminished response of insulin by peripheral tissues. The reasons are heterogeneous, such as family history and age, however, unhealthy diet, inactivity and obesity act as the major modifiable risk factor in onset of the disease. The relationship between dietary factors and type 2 diabetes has been extensively studied, summarizing the components of macronutrients help to modulate insulin balance and glucose homeostasis. So, an effective regulation of dietary intervention is robust related to dieticians and related staff help patients to mitigate insulin balance, T2DM, and several complications. This essay reviews the relationship between intake of major macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, and protein) and related diet regimen on insulin and glucose regulation. Insight into nutrigenetic interactions will aid in uncovering molecular mechanisms of T2DM and enable practical application of precision nutrition plan for T2DM patients.