Immunotherapy of cancer: CAR-T and PD-1 and/PD-L1

Gastric cancer, one of the lethal cancer, accounts for quantities of death in recent years. This article discusses the application of in the treatment of cancer by immunotherapy, including its advantages, shortcomings and prospects. In detail, two types of strategies. PD-1/PD-L1, as a pathway of immune checkpoint, could maintain the immune response under a physiological standard. While, for cancer cells, they evolve to utilize this mechanism to escape from immune response. So, by interfering with the PD-1 involved immune checkpoint, the T cell proliferation could be stimulated to prevent immune evasion. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T), another immunotherapy, making the goal of precision cancer treatment by engineering human T-cells to specifically target and remove tumour cells. If CAR acts as an artificial receptor, it can discover and capture disease-causing proteins against cancer cells, based on the activation of the host immune system. Low specificity and low drug resistance are challenges for the application of both therapies, but new advances have been made, such as combining immunotherapy with other approaches and CAR-T-based dual antigen therapy.