The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Kinesin-4A Protein, β-Tubulin Protein, and Exosomes as Non-Invasive Biomarkers in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer

Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. There are different kinds of BC. The kind of BC depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer. BC can begin in different parts of the breast. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate using Kinesin-4A (KIF4A) protein as a Diagnostic and Prognostic biomarker in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer. Materials and Methods: This study involved 70 Iraqi women with (BC), who had BC diagnosed for the first time. The study also included a control group (CG) of 70 participants. The period the study extended from February 2021 to October 2022. The research was carried out in Iraq, at the Department of Biochemistry in the College of Medicine at the University of Babylon, as well as at The Oncology Center at Marjan Teaching Hospital in Hilla City, Iraq. Determination of kinesin-4A, β -tubulin, and exosomes was done by a fully automated Elisys Uno Analyzer before and after mastectomy. Various circulating biomarkers and tumor markers were investigated including liver function test. Results: First-time diagnosis show that kinesin-4A and β -tubulin were found to be increased in women with BC ( P < 0.01), whereas the levels of exosomes were extremely high in BC women compared to the control group ( P < 0.001). Two weeks after the mastectomy, the results of kinesin-4A, β -tubulin, and exosomes dropped dramatically near normal levels. Conclusion: These results suggest that different types of BC can alter several aspects of host immunity causing increased production of specific immune products. And these products can use as diagnostic and prognostic markers to reduce invasive procedures such as surgeries or radiation exposure.