Comparative performance of Fe‐<scp>MO_x</scp>/<scp>SiO₂</scp> (M = V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo) and <scp>FeO_x</scp>/<scp>SiO₂</scp> catalysts in reductive liquefaction of switchgrass in ethanol

Abstract The catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass under a hydrogen atmosphere is a promising technology to produce stable biocrude oil as a sustainable alternative to petroleum crude. A series of iron‐based non‐noble mix metal‐oxide‐on‐silica catalysts were evaluated to mimic the natural transformation that may have led to the conversion of terrestrial biomass to fossilized fuels. Switchgrass powder was liquefied to a stable bio‐oil with a 71.2% yield by using FeO x /SiO 2 catalyst in ethanol under a 5.5 MPa hydrogen atmosphere at 210 °C. The use of Fe‐MO x /SiO 2 (M = V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Mo) type bimetallic oxide catalysts instead of FeO x /SiO 2 can produce improvements in liquefaction yields by using Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu as the second metal. The highest liquefaction yield of 78.8% was observed with the Fe‐CuO x /SiO 2 catalyst. Liquefaction oils were formed that were composed of complex mixtures of C6‐C12 alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and phenols. The lignin products:holocellulose products ratio changed in the range 0.35 to 0.15 and the composition of oils changed significantly with the use of mixed metal oxides in place of single metal FeO x /SiO 2 The most effective catalyst, Fe‐CuO x /SiO 2 could be reused in five cycles with a small loss in liquefaction yield from 78.8% to 70.0% after four reuse cycles and after regeneration of the catalyst at 500 °C for 3 h in air.