International legal protection of human rights during armed conflicts in historical retrospect

The historical development of international human rights protection in armed conflict is as multifaceted as it is profound, reflecting the gradual evolution of a human rights-based approach to warfare. This chapter aims to trace this key trajectory in international law, providing an overview of the ongoing struggle to ensure human rights in armed conflict. This article will explore the historical milestones and turning points that have shaped the landscape of human rights protection in the context of armed conflict. Starting from the birth of formalised international humanitarian law in the mid-19th century with the adoption of the First Geneva Convention, we will go through the poignant history of two world wars, the creation of the United Nations and the formulation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The author examines the key stages of formation and evolution of international human rights protection mechanisms during armed conflicts. International humanitarian law codifies these basic principles, requiring their universal observance. Adherence to these principles demonstrates respect for the global legal framework and fundamental human rights. Conversely, violations can lead to perpetrators being prosecuted and punished under international criminal justice, underscoring the global commitment to human rights. Despite the importance of international treaties in setting standards for the protection of civilians, there are challenges in their implementation and enforcement. Some states refuse to accede to key conventions, underscoring the need for ongoing dialogue and cooperation at the international level. The high risk of internal and international conflicts, as well as the unfinished task of protecting human rights during such conflicts, require continued active efforts by the international community to find ways to peace and stability. Key words: international human rights law, human rights, armed conflicts, international humanitarian law, conventions, international organisations