Floristic Diversity, Life-Form Composition, and Anthropogenic Pressures on the Vegetation of Wadi Om-El-Amaym in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Northeastern Libya

Abstract Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar in northeastern Libya is renowned for its distinctive Mediterranean mountain ecosystems, high biodiversity, and a significant proportion of endemic plant species. Yet, limited comprehensive ecological studies have focused on its wadi systems, particularly in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures. This study examines the vegetation of Wadi Om-El-Amaym, a northern segment of Wadi Al-Agar, with the aim of assessing species composition, taxonomic diversity, life-form distribution, and the impact of human activities on local flora. Field surveys were conducted over a 12-month period, during which plant specimens were collected, identified, and categorized into major taxonomic groups and life forms using standard floristic and ecological methodologies. A total of 141 species spanning 43 families were recorded, including nine endemics and several taxa with medicinal properties. Dominant families included Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Geraniaceae, while Trifolium and Erodium emerged as particularly species-rich genera. Analysis of life-form spectra revealed a prevalence of annual therophytes, alongside the presence of woody phanerophytes and chamaephytes, reflecting adaptations to the region’s varied topography and climatic conditions. However, the vegetation is increasingly threatened by overgrazing, woodcutting, agricultural expansion, and other human-driven disturbances. These pressures have led to habitat degradation, putting several species at risk. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted conservation measures, sustainable land-use practices, and increased environmental awareness to preserve the ecological integrity and unique botanical heritage of Wadi Om-El-Amaym and the broader Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region.