Research Progress on Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Polarization in Promoting Spinal Cord Injury Recovery in Stem Cell Transplantation

With the advancement of spinal cord injury (SCI) research, stem cell therapy has garnered increasing attention. However, the field encompasses numerous research topics and branches, necessitating further organization and focus. This review aims to provide a coherent summary of the mechanisms and roles of stem cells in SCI treatment, addressing three key aspects: the role of macrophage polarization in SCI, the regulatory mechanisms by which stem cells, specifically mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs), influence macrophage polarization, and the signaling pathways involved in stem cell-regulated macrophage polarization. Correct macrophage polarization is crucial for effective SCI treatment, with MSCs and NSCs contributing through chemical mediators, modulation of macrophage polarization, and interactions with signaling pathways. Ultimately, the review will explore how these signaling pathways enhance SCI treatment through diverse forms of signal transduction and regulation. In conclusion, this review will summarize current insights into stem cell therapy for SCI, integrating the three interconnected aspects discussed.