Bioinspired Blockchain Framework for Secure and Scalable Wireless Sensor Network Integration in Fog–Cloud Ecosystems

WSNs are significant components of modern IoT systems, which typically operate in resource-constrained environments integrated with fog and cloud computing to achieve scalability and real-time performance. Integrating these systems brings challenges such as security threats, scalability bottlenecks, and energy constraints. In this work, we propose a bioinspired blockchain framework aimed at addressing those challenges through the emulation of biological immune adaptation mechanisms, such as the self-recovery of swarm intelligence. It integrates lightweight blockchain technology with bioinspired algorithms, including an AIS for anomaly detection and a Proof of Adaptive Immunity Consensus mechanism for secure resource-efficient blockchain validation. Experimental evaluations give proof of the superior performance reached within this framework: up to 95.2% of anomaly detection accuracy, average energy efficiency of 91.2% when the traffic flow is normal, and latency as low as 15.2 ms during typical IoT scenarios. Moreover, the framework has very good scalability since it can handle up to 500 nodes with only a latency of about 6.0 ms.