Optimization of diesel engine characteristics using p-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst-based biodiesel from waste chicken fat oil

Amidst rising global demand for sustainable energy substitutes and the complex hindrances connected with a full-scale shift to new technologies, internal combustion engines (ICEs) using biofuels like biodiesel are progressively acquiring a vital role. However, an immediate global focus is required for cost-effective and echo-friendly biodiesel production. The issues linked with the operating parameters of these ICEs mandate methodical optimization. The study utilized microbubble-mediated esterification with p-toluene sulfonic acid, achieving 89.9 % biodiesel conversion from waste chicken fat in 30 min. Waste chicken fat biodiesel (WCFB) met ASTM D6751 and EN-14214 standards, demonstrating its potential as an alternative fuel. A single-cylinder, direct-ignition engine was tested with WCFB blends (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %) to assess performance and emissions in comparison to diesel fuel. Using response surface methodology, optimized conditions (14.2 %WCFB and 1845 rpm) resulted in a 5.6 % increase in torque, 8.9 % more brake power, and a 7.7 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency, along with a 15.9 % reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption. Carbon monoxide emissions decreased by 4.6 %, while exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions increased by 10.9 % and 4 %, respectively. This study aligns with multiple sustainable development goals, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future for the planet. • Novel microbubble-mediated esterification yielded 89.9 % WCF conversion in 30 min. • Optimum condition was achieved at a fuel ratio of 14.2 and 1845 rpm with a desirability of 0.79. • BSFC and CO decreased by 15.9 % and 4.6 % respectively. • WCFB increased brake power and the brake thermal efficiency by 8.9 %, and 7.7 % respectively. • Waste-to-energy integration addressed holistic waste management and energy needs.