Integrated Wearable Flexible Hydrogel Patch Sensing System for the Detection of Physiological Markers

Conventional wearable flexible sensing systems typically comprise three components: a flexible substrate that contacts the skin, a signal processing module, and a signal output module. These components function relatively independently, resulting in a complex system that lacks sufficient integration. Therefore, developing an integrated wearable flexible sensing system by combining the flexible substrate, the signal processing module, and the signal output module not only enhances performance and comfort, but also reduces manufacturing costs and the risk of failure. Hydrogel substrates are particularly advantageous due to their excellent biocompatibility, flexibility, and encapsulation capabilities. Herein, we designed an integrated wearable flexible sensing system using an agarose hydrogel to encapsulate biological oxidative enzymes (e.g., glucose oxidase (GOx), lactate oxidase, and ethanol oxidase) and silver nanowires-polydopamine (Ag NWs-PB) as the signal processing module and a color-changing TMB probe as the signal output module. Additionally, we incorporated a polydimethylsiloxane-silicon dioxide patch to collect sweat for detecting physiological markers (e.g., glucose, lactate, and ethanol). An example of the application to facilitate visual detection of glucose in sweat was developed by encapsulating GOx as a biological oxidative enzyme in a sensing system. The system provides results within 3.5 min and operates within a linear range of 0.02 to 5.00 mmol/L, achieving a limit of detection of 0.011 mmol/L. This innovation not only presents a more integrated and portable solution for wearable hydrogel systems, but also introduces a new, feasible method for detecting human physiological markers through a straightforward detection process.