Prevalence and Complications of Anemia Across Pregnancy Trimesters: A Cohort Study

Background: Anemia is a common condition affecting approximately 40% of pregnant women, posing serious risks to maternal and fetal health. These risks include premature birth, low birth weight, infections, postpartum hemorrhage, and increased likelihood of cesarean section. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 390 pregnant women who attended the gynecology and obstetrics clinic at Amir Al-Momenin Hospital. Participants were selected based on referrals on a predetermined date. Data collection and analysis were conducted using STATA version 11. Pregnancy outcomes between anemic and non-anemic women were compared using independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression models. Results: The study found no significant association between low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the first trimester and pregnancy outcomes. However, low hematocrit levels in the second trimester were significantly associated with increased risks of stillbirth, low Apgar scores, and premature delivery. No significant effects were observed on other maternal or neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: Hematocrit levels in the second trimester may serve as a critical predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes for both mother and infant. Screening for anemia and monitoring blood indices before and during pregnancy are essential. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of anemia can help mitigate risks to maternal and fetal health.