Recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of nano-zero valent iron: A promising material for environmental remediation

Nano-zero valent iron (nZVI) is increasingly recognized as a promising material for environmental remediation because of its high reactivity and efficient removal of various contaminants. This comprehensive review delves into the unique structure, synthesis techniques, and characterization methods of nZVI. It explores real-world applications of nZVI in remediating contaminated water, showcasing its efficacy in eliminating pollutants like heavy metals, organic compounds, and radionuclides. Studies suggest that nZVI composites demonstrate superior adsorption properties for heavy metals and pollutants with their distinctive core-shell structures and surface functional groups. Unlike conventional materials, nZVI composites exhibit heightened adsorption capabilities and easier retrieval from solutions, making them more effective in heavy metal removal. Moreover, the environmental ramifications of nZVI synthesis methods are critically analyzed, considering factors such as energy consumption and potential secondary pollution. The review underscores the significance of ongoing research and development to optimize nZVI's performance and reduce its environmental impact, thereby bolstering its role in promoting a sustainable environment.