Algae-Synthesized Bismuth Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

The increasing prevalence of lung cancer, compounded by the limitations of conventional therapies, necessitates the exploration of innovative drug delivery systems.This study presents a novel approach to synthesizing bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) using Chlorella sp.extracts, aimed at enhancing targeted drug delivery for the human lung cancer cell line (A549).An extract of Chlorella sp. and bismuth nitrate was used to prepare BiNPs under optimized conditions.The nano-solution was characterized by various techniques.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was employed to identify the active algal phytocompounds.The cytotoxic activity of the BiNPs was tested against A549, while the normal human fibroblast cell line (NHF) was used to evaluate the biosafety of the nano-solution.Characterization using UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful synthesis of BiNPs, indicating a relative size of 26 nm.Cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that BiNPs exert a dose-dependent effect on A549 cells, showing significant selective toxicity with an IC50 of 5.797 g/mL, while minimizing affecting NHF cells, which had an IC50 of 17.68 g/mL.Furthermore, morphological assessments via microscopy indicated that BiNPs induced distinct apoptotic features in A549 cells.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the algal extract revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including terpenoids and fatty acids, known for their antioxidant and anticancer properties, which may synergistically enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BiNPs.The study highlighted Chlorella-synthesized BiNPs as a promising targeted drug delivery system, advancing cancer nanomedicine and addressing challenges in traditional chemotherapy for lung cancer treatment.