Negative interaction or coexistence? Livestock predation and conservation of wild carnivores in Kazinag National Park and adjacent region in the Kashmir Himalaya, India

Livestock predation by wild animals poses a significant challenge to communities residing in and around protected areas. This study aimed to assess the extent and patterns of livestock predation by Asiatic Black Bears and Leopards in villages around Kazinag National Park and adjoining areas: Limber Wildlife Sanctuary, Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary, and Naganari Conservation Reserve, in Kashmir, India. Semi-structured questionnaire surveys and interviews conducted with residents and herders camping in the study area were used to collect data on livestock predation. A total of 72 livestock kills were documented for the years 2021 and 2022, involving Leopards and Black Bears. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in predation patterns based on age class, livestock type, time & place of events, injury pattern, and body part affected. Sheep were most frequently targeted, with total economic loss estimated at >USD 15,000. Asiatic Black Bears primarily attacked at night and preferred cattle and sheep, while Leopards targeted goats and horses, peaking in summer and late autumn. The main factors influencing predation were grazing within the park and adjacent protected areas, and poorly constructed corrals. Mitigation strategies recommended include building robust corrals and designating specific grazing zones away from core wildlife habitats. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive, context-specific approaches to ensure the long term human-wildlife coexistence in the region.