Decellularized extracellular matrix-based hydrogels for cartilage repair and regeneration

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) materials have emerged as promising tools in tissue engineering due to their low immunogenicity, biomimetic microenvironment, and ability to closely mimic the physicochemical properties of native tissues. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the composition and functional roles of cartilage ECM in tissue repair, offering a detailed evaluation of existing decellularization techniques and their respective advantages and limitations. We further highlight innovative strategies for functionalizing and characterizing dECM-based hydrogels, emphasizing their potential to enhance cartilage regeneration. In particular, this review presents recent advancements in bioreactor systems that optimize the creation of cartilage tissue constructs. Importantly, we provide a comprehensive discussion on how functionalized dECM hydrogels influence cartilage formation and function in vitro and in vivo , and identify key challenges and opportunities for future research. By offering a thorough, systematic understanding of these materials and their applications in cartilage tissue engineering, this review offers a fresh perspective on the integration of dECM hydrogels in regenerative medicine, paving the way for improved clinical outcomes in cartilage repair and regeneration.