Comparison of pregnancy success rates in ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) success rates in cases of male and female infertility at the Graha Amerta Fertility Clinic, RSUD Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, for the period 2018 – 2022: A Literature

Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse (WHO, 2012), affects 8–10% of couples worldwide, equivalent to 50–80 million couples, with 2 million new cases annually (WHO, 2013). In Indonesia, 10–15% of the 39.6 million reproductive-age couples face infertility, with primary causes including sperm issues (35%), ovulatory disorders (20%), fallopian tube blockages (20%), endometriosis (20%), and idiopathic factors (10%). The prevalence is rising both globally and domestically, with infertile women in the U.S. projected to reach 7.7 million by 2025. Assisted reproductive technologies like IVF achieve a success rate of 40–50%, while ICSI, a more advanced technique, offers higher success rates, particularly for cases of poor sperm quality (Wulaningsih, 2021; Aurel et al., 2023). However, routine ICSI use without clear indications should consider associated risks and costs (ASRM, 2020). ICSI success rates have improved from 44.6% in 2014 to 59.5% in 2023 (Palermo et al., 2014; Batha et al., 2023). Further research is needed in Indonesia to comprehensively compare ICSI success rates between male and female infertility cases.