Review on molecular designing of polymeric carriers use in gene therapy for diabetes

Gene therapy holds promise for treating diabetes by addressing its root causes at the molecular level. A key factor in its success is the development of effective delivery systems, with polymeric carriers emerging as versatile vehicles. This review highlights the molecular design of polymeric carriers for diabetes gene therapy, focusing on critical parameters like polymer structure, size, charge, and surface modification that influence gene encapsulation and release. Biodegradable polymers such as PLGA, chitosan, and PEI are emphasized for their ability to protect therapeutic genes and enable controlled release. In diabetes, these carriers aim to deliver genes that modulate insulin production, enhance β-cell regeneration, or prevent immune-mediated destruction. The review also explores stimulus-responsive polymers that offer on-demand release based on glucose levels. Recent preclinical and clinical studies are discussed, addressing challenges and strategies for optimizing polymeric carriers. These molecular design insights could pave the way for safer, more efficient gene delivery systems in diabetes treatment. This abstract emphasizes the design principles, challenges, and emerging strategies in polymeric carrier systems for gene therapy in diabetes.