Conceptualizing environmental policy: An analysis of Russian and international legislation in the context of ensuring environmental security in the Arctic

The Arctic has become an area of heightened interest for many nations, with environmental issues in the region remaining a critical subject of discussion. Countries such as China, the EU, and the USA have expressed their interest in shaping the environmental agenda in the Arctic. To prevent environmental conflicts and find mutually acceptable solutions, it is essential to study the distinctive features of the environmental policies adopted by these major global players. This article presents the results of a study aimed at identifying differences in the environmental security policies embedded in the current legislation of Russia, China, the USA, and the European Union. These entities declare their fundamental interests in the Arctic and position themselves as key players in the region, making it necessary for Russia to engage with them in various capacities. The study employs a comparative analysis of the environmental policies of the selected nations. A hierarchical framework was used for comparison, analyzing the content of environmental legislation in terms of concepts, objectives, policy directions, and implementation mechanisms. The novelty of the approach lies in its consideration of the socio-cultural factors underpinning the environmental concepts that shape each nation’s environmental policy. The study uncovered significant differences in the regulatory frameworks for environmental policy across Russia, China, the USA, and the EU, largely stemming from differences in worldviews and values. However, it also revealed substantial alignment in policy directions influenced by the global environmental agenda. A key feature of Russia’s environmental policy is its emphasis on placing the individual at the center of environmental considerations, coupled with strict, scientifically grounded regulation of emissions and pollutant discharges. The findings of this study can inform the development of a negotiation framework for the Russian Federation, incorporating environmental imperatives that reflect the unique characteristics of the Arctic. This framework can support Russia’s efforts in fostering international cooperation in the region.