Maximizing Sb₂Se₃ Thin Film Solar Cell Performance: Optimization of Efficiency and Stability

Sb<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>Se<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>, a mineral abundantly available on Earth, has emerged as a potential candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Thin-film Sb<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>Se<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> solar cells have garnered significant attention for their ability to utilize widely accessible resources, offering a sustainable pathway for energy production. This research focuses on the influence of crucial factors such as operating temperature, minority carrier lifetime, and defect density on the stability and performance of FTO/TiO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>/Sb<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>Se<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>/PTAA solar cells. When operated at an optimal temperature of 300K, with a minority carrier lifetime of 1000 ns and a defect density of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{1}\mathbf{E}\mathbf{14}\ \mathbf{cm}^{-3}$</tex>, he device achieved a peak efficiency of 34.14%. Furthermore, the device exhibited an impressive fill factor of 87.96%, a Voc of 0.994V and a jsc of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{39.00}\ \mathbf{mA}/\mathbf{cm}^{2}$</tex>. These findings underscore the promising role of Sb<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>Se<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> thin films in advancing renewable energy solutions by optimizing material properties for enhanced efficiency and stability in real-world applications.