An MPC-based Coordinated Fast Frequency Control Method for Inverter-based Resources

Nowadays, the power grid is experiencing low inertia and high RoCoF problems with an increasing amount of renewable energy resources. To tackle the issues, fast frequency response (FFR) services are currently applied. However, these different resources, such as wind power, solar PV, and battery energy storage system (BESS) have various frequency response characteristics, thereby coordinated control is necessary. In literature, model predictive control is popular for load frequency control (LFC) because of its advantages in dynamically adjusting its outputs considering the system constraints and uncertainties. However, few authors paid attention to MPC-based FFR, and the differences in response characteristics result in the interactions between resources and power angle swing. In this paper, an event-triggered coordinated control method based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to achieve the frequency adjustment for FFR-based PV farms, wind farms, and BESS considering the existing primary frequency response (PFR) controlled synchronous generators (SGs) from the first seconds after contingencies to the frequency recovery. The proposed method was then verified in the IEEE 39-Bus system by co-simulation of MATLAB and PSCAD.