Robust Energy Management of VPPs Integrated with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

The adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) is becoming popular for achieving environmental sustainability. However, managing these resources individually poses challenges, paving the way for the development of virtual power plants (VPPs) by aggregation and appropriate management of renewable energy sources (RES), battery storage, electric vehicles (EVs), and HFCVs to participate in electricity markets and optimize profits. However, price uncertainties complicate precise bidding. This study therefore introduces a robust uncertainty management approach to enable VPPs to bid accurately in the energy market using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and powerful solvers like GUROBI. The proposed robust model is evaluated against Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to assess its accuracy and efficiency. The findings reveal that integrating HFCVs into VPP enhances its profit significantly. The robust model is also more computationally efficient compared to MCS.