Advancements in Bioremediation: Harnessing Nanomaterials and Microorganisms for Environmental Restoration by Degradation of Pollutants

ABSTRACT Bioremediation is a diverse process of utilizing living organisms, such as microorganisms, plants, or enzymes, to remove or neutralize contaminants from soil, water, or air. It is a sustainable and ecofriendly proposal to clean up polluted sites and restore ecosystem health. Bioremediation has emerged as a promising approach to address the natural capabilities of microorganisms ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma spp.) and plants to remove or degrade a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals (HMs) and organic contaminants. Advancements in this field have led to innovative techniques, such as nanobioremediation, which leverage nanofillers’ unique properties to enhance pollutant removal efficiency by using nanoparticles synthesized by microorganisms and plants. Microorganisms play a crucial role in bioremediation, with various species capable of degrading or sequestering a wide range of pollutants. Integrating microbial interactions and nanoparticle‐based technologies has further expanded bioremediation capabilities, allowing for the targeted and effective removal of even the most recalcitrant contaminants. This study provides an overview of the current state of bioremediation, highlighting the advancements in nanobioremediation, the role of microbes in pollutant degradation, and the impact of HMs and pollutants on human health. The article focuses on the advancements of bioremediation, specifically, nanobioremediation, in enhancing pollutant degradation. This study is the application of nanomaterials synthesized by microorganisms and plants to enhance efficiency in pollutant removal in the environmental restoration process.