A Study of Novel Electrochemical Sensors and Their Applications: Food Analysis and Biomedical Object Detection

Electrochemical biosensors have developed into a sophisticated and versatile technology, which are driven by advances in biology, chemistry, physics, and medicine. These sensors have undergone significant enhancements with the integration of novel materials like carbon nanotubes and metal nanoparticles, which have greatly improved their sensitivity, selectivity, and overall performance. As a result, electrochemical biosensors have become indispensable tools in a wide range of applications, including agriculture, food safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. The ability to detect various biological and chemical substances with high accuracy has made these sensors crucial in both industrial and clinical settings. However, despite their advantages, they still face challenges related to complex fabrication processes, material compatibility, and the need for specialized equipment, which can increase costs. The ongoing research and technological advancements are continually addressing these limitations, leading to more accessible and effective biosensors. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of electrochemical biosensors. It also outlines various electrode modification techniques. Meanwhile, it explores their critical applications in food analysis and biomedicine detection. This technology would play a vital role in early disease detection, food safety, and personalized health monitoring.