Joint Multi-Stage Planning of Renewable Generation, HESS, and AESS for Deeply Decarbonizing Power Systems With High-Penetration Renewables

The further decarbonization of power systems with high renewable energy penetration faces the problem of inter-day intermittence of renewable energy sources (RES) and the seasonal imbalance between RES and load demand, due to the limited regulation ability of conventional units such as thermal generation. Regular solutions based on battery energy storage system (BESS) are too costly to be practical. To address issues above, hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) and ammonia energy storage system (AESS) are introduced to gradually replace thermal generation. Specifically, first, HESS and AESS are incorporated into the multi-stage capacity expansion planning (MSCEP) model with carbon emission reduction constraints. Yearly data with hourly time resolution are utilized for each stage to accurately describe the intermittence of RES. Then, an improved column generation (CG) with Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition (DWD) embedded solution approach is used to efficiently solve the large-scale MSCEP model. Finally, a real-life system in China is studied. The results indicate that the proposed method can guarantee high power supply reliability (PSR) under different renewable energy penetration levels, avoiding the low PSR problem that may be caused by the existing typical scenario-based method (TSM) under high penetration (<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\geq$</tex-math></inline-formula>30%). Moreover, HESS and AESS are essential to reduce the cost of decarbonization. Especially under the goal of carbon neutrality, the contribution of HESS and AESS in reducing levelized cost of energy (LCOE) reaches 12.28% and 14.59%, respectively, leading to a levelized cost of carbon reduction (LCOCr) of 998 RMB/t.