Dual Strategy Based Improved Swarm Intelligence and Stacked LSTM With Residual Connection for Land Use Land Cover Classification

Land use land cover (LULC) classification using satellite images is crucial for land-use inventories and environment modeling. The LULC classification is a difficult task because of the high dimensional feature space, which affects the classification accuracy. This article proposes a dual strategy-based bald eagle search (DSBES) algorithm and stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) with residual connection for LULC classification. The dual strategy includes adaptive inertia weight and phasor operator strategy to select relevant features from the feature subset. The stacked LSTM contains multiple layers stacked on top of each other to capture high-level temporal data. By integrating residual connection with stacked LSTM, gradient flow is enabled directly among long sequences, reducing the vanishing gradient issue and fastening the convergence rate. The DSBES and stacked LSTM with residual connection performance are examined in terms of metrics of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, f1-score, and computational time. The DSBES and stacked LSTM with residual connection achieve higher accuracy values of 99.71%, 98.66%, 97.59%, and 99.24% for UCM, AID, NWPU, and EuroSAT datasets, respectively, as compared to VGG19 and optimal guidance whale optimization algorithm–bidirectional long short-term memory.