Swiss science diplomacy: exploring strategies, instruments, current priorities, and the role of international development cooperation

Abstract Contemporary science diplomacy holds promise not only to strengthen diplomatic and science realms but also to advance sustainable development transformations. In Switzerland, formal adoption of the concept around 2019 led to the support of several science diplomacy instruments. This article systematically assesses the Swiss science diplomacy ecosystem, examines its components and alignment with common frameworks, and determines the potential impact of the current polycrisis. Additionally, the article explores the overlaps with international development cooperation. This first systematic portrayal of national-level science diplomacy reveals a multifaceted ecosystem, recognized as increasingly relevant by its principal actors and the government. Activities pivot towards engagement with global research and innovation leaders who can drive and deploy leading technologies to define global policy and address societal challenges. In tandem, Swiss development cooperation endeavours promote sustainable development globally and bridge technology and knowledge gaps with low-income nations. Important gaps remain at the levels of communication and coordination internally and externally that should be addressed without delay.