Thermodynamic of the f(Q) universe

Abstract We investigate thermodynamics of apparent horizon in the f ( Q ) universe with trivial and nontrivial connections. We first explore the perspectives of the first law, generalized second law and P – V phase transition with trivial connection. We show that the lowest-order correction of entropy has the same form as that in loop quantum gravity, and the critical exponents of the phase transition caused by the lowest-order correction are consistent with those in mean field theory. We then examine the thermodynamic implication of nontrivial connections. We find that nontrivial connections in the f ( Q ) universe imply non-equilibrium states from the perspective of thermodynamics.