Trade Policies and Export Barriers in Afghanistan: Threats and Opportunities on the Path to Trade Development from the

This study aims to examine the impact of trade policies, infrastructure, political stability, security concerns, and the economic environment on trade development in Afghanistan. Data were collected through a questionnaire with 31 respondents and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson regression. The results indicate that Afghanistan’s current trade policies generally hinder trade development (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). The transportation and logistics infrastructure are inadequate and inefficient, negatively affecting trade development (r = 0.50, p < 0.02). Political instability and frequent changes in government policies create an insecure and unpredictable business environment, impeding trade development (r = 0.45, p < 0.03). Security concerns and risks along trade routes lead to delays and losses in trade (r = 0.40, p < 0.04). Additionally, the decline in foreign investment and weaknesses in business environment indicators reduce Afghanistan’s competitiveness and trade development (r = 0.48, p < 0.02). The study’s recommendations include revising and improving trade policies, investing in transportation and logistics infrastructure, establishing political stability, enhancing security conditions, attracting foreign investment, and strengthening regional trade cooperation. Implementing these recommendations can help increase exports, attract foreign investment, and ultimately boost the country’s economic growth. This study assists policymakers and decision-makers in focusing on improving these variables to accelerate trade development in Afghanistan and achieve sustainable development.