Exploring causal relationships between immune cells and age-related macular degeneration through univariable, bidirectional, and multivariable Mendelian analysis

This study addresses a critical gap in understanding the causal relationship between immune cells and AMD, identifying immune cell subsets that may either mitigate or exacerbate AMD risk. Notably, it highlights the potential role of CD39+ CD8+ T cells as anti-inflammatory agents and potential targets for immunotherapy in AMD. The absence of bidirectional causality suggests a complex origin of immune dysregulation in AMD. The differential associations of immune cell subsets with AMD subtypes carry significant implications for precision medicine approaches in ophthalmology, laying a solid foundation for future research focused on understanding the immunological underpinnings of AMD and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.