A field-level emulator for modified gravity

ABSTRACT Stage IV surveys like LSST and Euclid present a unique opportunity to shed light on the nature of dark energy. However, their full constraining power cannot be unlocked unless accurate predictions are available at all observable scales. Currently, only the linear regime is well understood in models beyond $\Lambda$CDM: on the non-linear scales, expensive numerical simulations become necessary, whose direct use is impractical in the analyses of large data sets. Recently, machine learning techniques have shown the potential to break this impasse: by training emulators, we can predict complex data fields in a fraction of the time it takes to produce them. In this work, we present a field-level emulator capable of turning a $\Lambda$CDM N-body simulation into one evolved under $f(R)$ gravity. To achieve this, we build on the map2map neural network, using the strength of modified gravity $|f_{\mathrm{ R}_0}|$ as style parameter. We find that our emulator correctly estimates the changes it needs to apply to the positions and velocities of the input N-body particles to produce the target simulation. We test the performance of our network against several summary statistics, finding $1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ agreement in the power spectrum up to $k \sim 1$ h Mpc$^{-1}$, and $1.5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ agreement against the independent boost emulator emantis. Although the algorithm is trained on fixed cosmological parameters, we find it can extrapolate to models it was not trained on. Coupled with available field-level emulators and simulation suites for $\Lambda$CDM, our algorithm can be used to constrain modified gravity in the large-scale structure using full information available at the field level.